Specific molecular and inflammatory endotypes have been identified for chronic respiratory disorders, including asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). These endotypes correspond with clinical aspects of disease, enabling targeted medicines to address certain pathophysiologic pathways, often referred to as "precision medicine". With respect to bronchiectasis, many comorbidities and underlying causes have been identified. Inflammatory endotypes have also been widely studied and reported. Additionally, several genes have been shown to affect disease progression. However, the lack of a clear classification has also hampered our understanding of the disease's natural course. The aim of this review is, thus, to summarize the current knowledge on biomarkers and actionable targets of this complex pathologic condition and to point out unmet needs, which are required in the design of effective diagnostic and therapeutic trials.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cimb46070398 | DOI Listing |
Extracell Vesicles Circ Nucl Acids
June 2024
Division Cell Biology, Metabolism & Cancer, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CM, the Netherlands.
Arthritis, a diverse group of inflammatory joint disorders, poses great challenges in early diagnosis and targeted treatment. Timely intervention is imperative, yet conventional diagnostic methods are not able to detect subtle early symptoms. Hence, there is an urgent need for specific biomarkers that discriminate between different arthritis forms and for early diagnosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Mol Sci
November 2024
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease with high prevalence, making it one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide. Its pathophysiology is influenced by a range of genetic and environmental factors, resulting in a complex and heterogeneous disease profile. Asthma is primarily associated with a type 2 (T2) immune response, though non-T2 endotypes also contribute to disease pathology.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAllergy
December 2024
Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malaga, IBIMA-Plataforma BIONAND, RICORS Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine and Dermatology, Universidad de Malaga, Malaga, Spain.
As cholinergic innervation is a major contributor to increased vagal tone and mucus secretion, inhaled long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMA) are a pillar for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. By blocking the muscarinic receptors expressed in the lung, LAMA improve lung function and reduce exacerbations in asthma patients who remained poorly controlled despite treatment with inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2 agonists. Asthma guidelines recommend LAMA as a third controller to be added on before the initiation of biologicals.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Rhinol
July 2024
Department of Medicine, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is characterized by prolonged inflammation of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa lasting over 12 weeks. CRS is divided into two main types based on the presence of nasal polyps: CRS without nasal polyps and CRS with nasal polyps. The condition is further classified into endotypes based on type 1, type 2, and type 3 inflammatory signatures, with differences in terms of disease severity, prognosis, and treatment response.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEur Arch Otorhinolaryngol
December 2024
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Otoneurosurgery, University Hospital of Parma, Viale Antonio Gramsci, 14, 43126, Parma, PR, Italy.
Purpose: Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been distinguished in primary CRS, a primary inflammatory disorder limited to airways and secondary CRS, in which the sinonasal pathology is caused by a systemic disease or a local pathologic condition. Primary CRS is in turn classified in Type 2 and Non-type 2 on the basis of the endotype and of the pattern of the immune response. Advance in the knowledge of CRS has led to new therapeutic options, among which Dupilumab (anti-IL4R).
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