Dopamine, an exogenous quorum sensing signaling molecule or a modulating factor in ?

is recognized globally as an opportunistic pathogen of considerable concern due to its high virulence and pathogenicity, especially in immunocompromised individuals. While research has identified several endogenous quorum sensing (QS) signaling molecules that enhance the virulence and pathogenicity of , investigations on exogenous QS signaling molecules or modulating factors remain limited. This study found that dopamine serves as an exogenous QS signaling molecule or modulating factor of PAO1, enhancing the production of virulence factors and biofilms. Compared to the control group, treatment with 40 μM dopamine resulted in a 33.1 % increase in biofilm formation, 68.1 % increase in swimming mobility, 63.1 % increase in swarming mobility, 147.2 % increase in the signaling molecule 3-oxo-C12-HSL, and 50.5 %, 28.5 %, 27.0 %, and 33.2 % increases in the virulence factors alginate, rhamnolipids, protease, and pyocyanin, respectively. This study further explored the mechanism of dopamine regulating the biofilm formation and virulence of PAO1 through transcriptome and metabolome. Transcriptomic analysis showed that dopamine promoted the expression of virulence genes , , and in PAO1. Metabolomic analysis revealed changes in the concentrations of tryptophan, pyruvate, ethanolamine, glycine, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and alizarin. Furthermore, KEGG enrichment analysis of altered genes and metabolites indicated that dopamine enhanced phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan in PAO1. The results of this study will contribute to the development of novel exogenous QS signaling molecules or modulating factors and advance our understanding of the interactions between and the host environment.