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Mounting evidence supports a critical role for central nervous system (CNS) glial cells in neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), as well as neurovascular ischemic stroke. Previously, we found that loss of the PD-associated gene leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 () in macrophages, peripheral innate immune cells, induced mitochondrial stress and elevated basal expression of type I interferon (IFN) stimulated genes (ISGs) due to chronic mitochondrial DNA engagement with the cGAS/STING DNA sensing pathway. Here, we report that loss of LRRK2 results in a paradoxical response in microglial cells, a CNS-specific macrophage population. In primary murine microglia and microglial cell lines, loss of reduces tonic IFN signaling leading to a reduction in ISG expression. Consistent with reduced type I IFN, mitochondria from KO microglia are protected from stress and have elevated metabolism. These protective phenotypes involve upregulation of NRF2, an important transcription factor in the response to oxidative stress and are restricted by LRRK2 kinase activity. Collectively, these findings illustrate a dichotomous role for LRRK2 within different immune cell populations and give insight into the fundamental differences between immune regulation in the CNS and the periphery.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.09.602769 | DOI Listing |
Future Med Chem
December 2024
School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease affecting nearly 10 million people worldwide and placing a heavy medical burden on both society and families. However, due to the complexity of its pathological mechanisms, current treatments for PD can only alleviate patients' symptoms. Therefore, novel therapeutic strategies are urgently sought in clinical practice.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBrain Commun
December 2024
Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) Rostock-Greifswald, Rostock 18147, Germany.
The brain-age gap, i.e. the difference between the brain age estimated from structural MRI data and the chronological age of an individual, has been proposed as a summary measure of brain integrity in neurodegenerative diseases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMov Disord
December 2024
Laboratory of Parkinson's and Other Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain.
Background: α-Synuclein (SNCA) gene hypomethylation was reported in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (iPD). Based on a high clinical resemblance between iPD and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2)-driven Parkinson's disease (L2PD), we investigated the epigenetic status of SNCA in an extensive LRRK2 clinical cohort from Spain.
Methods: We assessed the methylation levels of 23 CpG sites in the SNCA promoter region using peripheral blood DNA from L2PD patients (n = 151), LRRK2 nonmanifesting carriers (n = 55), iPD patients (n = 115), and healthy control subjects (n = 154) (total: N = 475).
Brain
December 2024
Lab of Parkinson's & Other Movement Disorders, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS); Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED) CB06/05/0018-ISCIII; ES 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibition is a promising disease-modifying therapy for LRRK2-associated Parkinson's disease (L2PD) and idiopathic PD (iPD). However, pharmaco-dynamic readouts and progression biomarkers for clinical trials aiming for disease modification are insufficient since no endogenous marker reflecting enhanced kinase activity of the most common LRRK2 G2019S mutation has been reported yet in L2PD patients. Employing phospho-/proteomic analyses we assessed the impact that LRRK2 activating mutations had in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a LRRK2 clinical cohort from Spain (n=174).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe Parkinson's disease (PD)-linked protein Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) consists of seven domains, including a kinase and a Roc G domain. Despite the availability of several high-resolution structures, the dynamic regulation of its unique intramolecular domain stack is nevertheless still not well understood. By in-depth biochemical analysis, assessing the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the Roc G domain, we have confirmed that LRRK2 has, similar to other Roco protein family members, a K value of LRRK2 that lies within the range of the physiological GTP concentrations within the cell.
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