A protective mechanism of heat inactivation to enhance PDD-2 against alcohol-induced chronic liver disease based on proteomic analysis.

A proteomics-based analysis of the effect of heat inactivation on the alleviation of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) using PDD-2 is presented, aimed at exploring the potential and mechanisms of postbiotic elements prepared through heat inactivation in the treatment of ALD. It was found that PDD-2 and its postbiotic (heat-inactivated PDD-2) alleviate chronic ALD the gut-liver axis. In particular, heat-inactivated PDD-2 significantly increased the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichaceae and better facilitated the oxidative stress balance in the liver. The tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics technique analyses revealed that heat-inactivated PDD-2 was associated with up-regulated expression levels of proteins related to the redox system, cellular metabolism, amino acid and oligopeptide transport, and surface proteins with immunomodulatory capacity. These findings provide a theoretical basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies and lay a solid foundation for further revealing its exhaustive mechanisms.