Run-and-tumble kinematics of Enterobacter Sp. SM3.

The recent discovery of the peritrichous, swarm-competent bacterium Enterobacter sp. SM3 has offered a new opportunity to investigate the connection between bacterial swimming and swarming. Here, we report the run-and-tumble behavior of SM3 as planktonic swimming cells and as swarming cells diluted in liquid medium, drawing comparison between the two states. Swimming cells of SM3 run for an average of 0.77 s with a speed of approximately 30µm/s before tumbling. Tumbles last for a duration of 0.12 s on average and cause changes in direction averaging 69^{∘}. Swimming cells exposed to the common chemoattractant serine in bulk solution suppress the frequency of tumbles in the steady state, lengthening the average run duration and decreasing the average tumble angle. When exposed to aspartate, cells do not demonstrate a notable change in run-and-tumble parameters in the steady state. For swarming cells of SM3, the frequency of tumbles is reduced, with the average run duration being 50% longer on average than that of swimming cells in the same liquid medium. Additionally, the average tumble angle of swarming cells is smaller by 35%. These findings reveal that the newly identified species, SM3, performs run-and-tumble motility similar to other species of peritrichous bacteria such as E. coli, both in the swimming and swarming states. We present a simple mechanical model, which provides a physical understanding of the run-and-tumble behavior of peritrichous bacteria.