Dynamical force measurements for contacting soft surfaces upon steady sliding: Fixed-depth tribology.

The tribology between surfaces can have a profound impact on the response of a mechanical system, such as how granular particles are driven to flow. In this work, we perform experiments that time resolve the tangential and normal components of the force between two semicylindrical polydimethylsiloxane samples immersed in fluid, as they slide against each other in a range of controlled speeds. The time-averaged friction force shows a nonmonotonic dependence on the sliding speed over four decades, which is consistent with the paradigmatic Stribeck diagram and three dynamical regimes associated with it. Our specially designed fixed-depth setup allows us to study the fluctuation of force that exhibits strong stick-slip patterns in one of the regimes. Data from repetitive experiments reveal that both the "onset speed" for the stick-slip patterns and its spatial location along the sample change gradually during the course of our experiments, indicating changes on the sample surfaces. In addition, we conduct counterpart experiments by using spherical samples rubbing against each other, to make a direct connection of the interparticle tribology to the granular flow reported in our previous work [J.-C. Tsai et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 128001 (2021)10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.128001].