Morphology, aspect ratio, and surface elemental composition of primary aerosol particles at urban region of India.

The PM and PM particles were characterized in terms of morphology (size and shape) and surface elemental composition at two different (traffic and industrial) locations in urban region of India and further linked to different morphological defining parameters. The overall PM and PM showed significant daily variability indicating higher PM as compared to PM. PM/PM ratio was found to be 0.58 ± 0.10 indicating the abundance of PM. Soot aggregates, aluminosilicates, and brochosomes particles were classified based on morphology, aspect ratio (AR), and surface elemental composition of single particles. The linear regression analysis indicates the significant correlation between area equivalent (D) and feret diameter (D) (R 0.86-0.98). Higher aspect ratio (1.48 ± 0.87-1.43 ± 0.50) was noted at traffic site as compared to industrial site (1.33 ± 0.58-1.29 ± 0.30), while circularity showed the opposite trend. Fractal dimension (D) of soot aggregates estimated by the soot parameters method (SPM) were found to be 1.70, 1.72, and 1.88, mainly attributed to vehicular emissions, biomass, and industrial emission/coal burning, respectively. This further inferred that freshly emitted soot particles exhibited lacey in nature with spherical shape (D 1.70) at traffic site, while at industrial location, they were different with compact shapes (D 1.88) due to particle aging processes. This study inferred the synoptic changes in mass, chemical characteristics, and morphology of aerosol particles which provide the new insights into individual atmospheric particle and their dynamic nature.