Lassa virus Z protein hijacks the autophagy machinery for efficient transportation by interrupting CCT2-mediated cytoskeleton network formation.

The Lassa virus (LASV) is a widely recognized virulent pathogen that frequently results in lethal viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF). Earlier research has indicated that macroautophagy/autophagy plays a role in LASV replication, but, the precise mechanism is unknown. In this present study, we show that LASV matrix protein (LASV-Z) is essential for blocking intracellular autophagic flux. LASV-Z hinders actin and tubulin folding by interacting with CCT2, a component of the chaperonin-containing T-complexes (TRiC). When the cytoskeleton is disrupted, lysosomal enzyme transit is hampered. In addition, cytoskeleton disruption inhibits the merge of autophagosomes with lysosomes, resulting in autophagosome accumulation that promotes the budding of LASV virus-like particles (VLPs). Inhibition of LASV-Z-induced autophagosome accumulation blocks the LASV VLP budding process. Furthermore, it is found that glutamine at position 29 and tyrosine at position 48 on LASV-Z are important in interacting with CCT2. When these two sites are mutated, LASV-mut interacts with CCT2 less efficiently and can no longer inhibit the autophagic flux. These findings demonstrate a novel strategy for LASV-Z to hijack the host autophagy machinery to accomplish effective transportation. 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; Baf-A1: bafilomycin A; CCT2: chaperonin containing TCP1 subunit 2; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CTSD: cathepsin D; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2'-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; GFP: green fluorescent protein; hpi: hours post-infection; hpt: hours post-transfection; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LASV: lassa virus; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; mCherry: red fluorescent protein; PM: plasma membrane; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STX6: syntaxin 6; VLP: virus-like particle; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TRiC: chaperonin-containing T-complex; WB: western blotting; μm: micrometer; μM: micromole.