Solitude in old age: a scoping review of conceptualisations, associated factors and impacts.

Objective: This study aimed to map the existing scientific research about solitude in older adults, focusing on its conceptualizations, associated factors, and impacts.

Method: A scoping review was conducted, searching Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete databases for publications from 1985 until December 2023.

Results: Twenty-four studies were included. The main findings suggest a wide-ranging conceptualisation of solitude, with most studies ( = 16) adopting neutral definitions such as "being alone, without communicating with others"; and a subset of studies adopting definitions that alluded to "positive solitude" (as the choice of being with oneself, underscoring potential benefits). Individual characteristics were identified as key associated factors of solitude. Both positive impacts and negative impacts were reported.

Conclusion: The variability in conceptualisation and impacts likely stems from methodological and theoretical differences in approaching solitude. This underscores the need for additional research to establish a widely accepted conceptual framework. Such consensus could enhance the understanding of the conditions contributing to positive and negative impacts associated with solitude and inform targeted interventions.