Immunotherapy has been an advanced and effective approach to treating various types of solid tumors in recent years, and the most successful strategy is immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have shown beneficial effects in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Drug resistance to ICIs is usually associated with CD8 T-cells targeting tumor antigens; thus, CD8 T-cells play an important role in immunotherapy. Unfortunately, Under continuous antigen stimulation, tumor microenvironment(TME), hypoxia and other problems it leads to insufficient infiltration of CD8 T-cells, low efficacy and mechanism exhaustion, which have become obstacles to immunotherapy. Thus, this article describes the relationship between CRC and the immune system, focuses on the process of CD8 T-cells production, activation, transport, killing, and exhaustion, and expounds on related mechanisms leading to CD8 T-cells exhaustion. Finally, this article summarizes the latest strategies and methods in recent years, focusing on improving the infiltration, efficacy, and exhaustion of CD8 T-cells, which may help to overcome the barriers to immunotherapy.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11239598 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33144 | DOI Listing |
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