To assess its utility as a bioindicator of estuarine contamination, Amphibola crenata, a pulmonate mud snail, was collected from 17 estuaries in New Zealand. Whole-body soft tissue trace element concentrations were measured via quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (Q-ICP-MS) and were found to be significantly positively correlated with sediment trace element profiles for arsenic, copper and lead. Snails from polluted estuaries generally displayed higher ammonia excretion rates, elevated whole-body soft tissue catalase activity and lipid peroxidation compared to snails from reference sites. Across all sites haemolymph glucose was positively correlated with the tissue burdens of arsenic, copper, nickel and zinc, while haemolymph protein was negatively correlated with arsenic, cadmium and zinc soft tissue concentrations, indicative of altered energy metabolism associated with trace element contamination. Overall, sites were distinguishable by application of the array of measures employed. Our findings suggest that gastropods have significant value as bioindicators of estuarine health.
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