Previous work has shown that caregiver attention shapes visual cognition in infants through dyadic interactions. Is this association measurable when visual cognition is objectively measured in caregivers and infants using comparable experimental paradigms? In the current study, we presented infants (N = 86) and caregivers (N = 78) with age-specific variants of the same preferential looking visual cognition task to investigate whether caregiver visual cognition was associated with their infants' visual cognition. In each trial of the task, two side-by-side flashing displays of coloured shapes were presented. On the 'unchanging' side, the colours of the shapes remained the same. On the 'changing' side, the colour of one shape changed after each flash. Load was varied by changing the number of shapes across trials (low, medium, and high loads). We extracted looking dynamics using video recordings and brain function using functional near-infrared spectroscopy as both infants and caregivers engaged with the task. Change preference (CP) score, which represented the amount of time spent looking at the changing side divided by the total looking duration, showed a load-dependent modulation for both infants and caregivers. Both groups showed the highest CP scores at the low load. Further, higher caregiver CP scores was associated with higher infant CP scores at the low load. Both infants and caregivers engaged canonical regions of the fronto-parietal network involved in visual cognition. Critically, higher caregiver CP scores were associated with greater activation in the left superior parietal lobule in younger infants, a region involved in allocating visuo-spatial attention and working memory maintenance. Further, there was spatial overlap between performance-dependent regions in the right parietal cortex in caregivers and younger infants. Our findings provide first evidence of a heritability-related visual neurocognitive association between caregivers and their children in the first year of life.
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