Analysis of the resistance profile of real-world alectinib first-line therapy in patients with rearrangement-positive advanced non-small cell lung cancer using organoid technology in one case of lung cancer.

Background: Alectinib has achieved excellent therapeutic efficacy in anaplastic lymphoma kinase () fusion gene-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, however, patients eventually develop resistance to it. Exploring the gene variant mapping after alectinib resistance provides a basis for the whole management of -positive advanced NSCLC. This study aimed to characterize the mutation profiles of real-world rearrangement-positive advanced NSCLC patients after first-line alectinib treatment resistance. The research also investigated the treatment options and coping strategies after resistance.

Methods: Clinical data of patients with advanced NSCLC who received first-line alectinib treatment in the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University between November 2018 and April 2022 were collected. Moreover, next-generation sequencing (NGS) data of the patient's baseline and post-resistance tissues were gathered. One patient underwent lung cancer organoid culture and drug sensitivity testing.

Results: Out of 35 first-line alectinib-treated patients with advanced NSCLC, 31 are presently in progression-free survival (PFS; 4.3-35.0 months). Four patients experienced progressive disease, and all of them were sequentially treated with ceritinib. Tissue NGS results before sequential treatment in three patients indicated an echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4- fusion that remained at the original baseline, and the PFS for ceritinib treatment was 0.5-1.3 months. One patient developed acquired resistance mutations in the structural domain of protein kinase ( and ), and the PFS for ceritinib treatment was 6.7 months. For one patient who maintained original baseline ALK rearrangement positive without acquired mutation after progression of ceritinib resistance, lung cancer-like organ culture with sequential brigatinib and lorlatinib led to a PFS of 3.2 and 1.9 months, respectively, which aligned with the corresponding drug susceptibility testing results for this patient.

Conclusions: For rearrangement-positive patients, blind sequencing of other second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) or third-generation lorlatinib may not guarantee satisfactory tumor suppression following first-line second-generation -TKI alectinib administration for treatment progression. NGS testing of patients' blood or tissue samples after disease progression may provide insight into the etiology of alectinib resistance. Patient-sourced drug sensitivity testing of lung cancer-like organs selects drug-sensitive medications based on NGS results and provides a reference for subsequent drug therapy for patients after drug resistance, particularly those who remain rearrangement-positive at baseline.