Investigating the molecular mechanisms of Pseudalteromonas sp. LD-B1's algicidal effects on the harmful alga Heterosigma akashiwo.

Heterosigma akashiwo is a harmful algal bloom species that causes significant detrimental effects on marine ecosystems worldwide. The algicidal bacterium Pseudalteromonas sp. LD-B1 has demonstrated potential effectiveness in mitigating these blooms. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying LD-B1's inhibitory effects on H. akashiwo remain poorly understood. In this study, we employed the comprehensive methodology, including morphological observation, assessment of photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), and transcriptomic analysis, to investigate the response of H. akashiwo to LD-B1. Exposure to LD-B1 resulted in a rapid decline of H. akashiwo's Fv/Fm ratio, with cells transitioning to a rounded shape within 2 hours, subsequently undergoing structural collapse and cytoplasmic leakage. Transcriptomic data revealed sustained downregulation of photosynthetic genes, indicating impaired functionality of the photosynthetic system. Additionally, genes related to the respiratory electron transfer chain and antioxidant defenses were consistently downregulated, suggesting prolonged oxidative stress beyond the cellular antioxidative capacity. Notably, upregulation of autophagy-related genes was observed, indicating autophagic responses in the algal cells. This study elucidates the molecular basis of LD-B1's algicidal effects on H. akashiwo, advancing our understanding of algicidal mechanisms and contributing to the development of effective strategies for controlling harmful algal blooms.