Distinct electrochemical and metabolic responses of anode respiring bacteria to sulfamethoxazole in microbial fuel cells coupled with constructed wetlands.

The influence of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on the electrochemical activity, bacterial community, and metabolic state of anode respiring microbes was investigated in constructed-wetland-coupled microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs). Results suggested that SMX shortened the acclimatisation period and enhanced the maximal power density of the CW-MFC at 0.1 mg/L. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) results indicated that SMX may trigger an electrocatalytic process related to an extra redox-active compound. Exposure to SMX significantly altered the bacterial communities, leading to decreased abundances of Desulfurivibrio and Pseudomonas, while increasing the contents of Rhodobacter and Anaerovorax. Furthermore, metabolites related to amino acids and nucleotide metabolism were suppressed at 10 mg/L SMX, while the related metabolites increased at 0.1 mg/L SMX. The upregulated pathway of biofilm formation indicated that the bacteria tended to form biofilms under the influence of SMX. This study provides valuable insights into the complex interactions between SMX and electrochemically active bacteria.