Case report of a child with nephronophthisis from South Africa.

Background: Nephronophthisis (NPHP) is an autosomal recessive disorder with a subset of patients presenting with extrarenal manifestations such as retinal degeneration, cerebella ataxia, liver fibrosis, skeletal abnormalities, cardiac malformations, and lung bronchiectasis. However, the involvement of other organ systems has also been documented. Extrarenal manifestations occur in approximately 10-20% of patients. In developed countries, it has been reported as one of the most common causes of monogenic chronic kidney failure (CKF) during the first three decades of life, with more than 25 genes associated with this condition. The current treatment options for managing NPHP include supportive care, management of complications, and kidney replacement therapy when necessary. The index patient is a 10-year-old Caucasian female who presented with recurrent attacks of abdominal pain. Her elder sister, TN, who was 17 years old, was diagnosed with CKF and noted to have persistently elevated liver enzymes (gamma-glutamyl transferase, alanine, and aspartate transaminases). Following genetic testing, her elder sister was shown to have Nephronophthisis Type 3, and a liver biopsy showed early fibrotic changes. Subsequent genetic testing confirmed the index patient as having NPHP Type 3. A kidney biopsy showed focal sclerosed glomeruli with patchy areas of tubular atrophy and related tubulointerstitial changes in keeping with NPHP. We present the first confirmatory case of NPHP from South Africa based on histopathology and genetic testing in a 10-year-old Caucasian female who presented with recurrent attacks of abdominal pain, whose elder sister also presented with CKF and early liver fibrosis, confirmed on biopsy and genetic testing.

Conclusion: In low-middle-income countries, genetic testing should be undertaken whenever possible to confirm the diagnosis of NPHP, especially in those with a suggestive biopsy or if there is CKF of unknown aetiology with or without extra-renal manifestations.