The ability of pathogenic bacteria to evade antibiotic treatment is an intricate and multifaceted phenomenon. Over the years, treatment failure among patients due to determinants of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been the focal point for the research and development of new therapeutic agents. However, the survival of bacteria by persisting under antibiotic stress has largely been overlooked. Bacterial persisters are a subpopulation of sensitive bacterial cells exhibiting a noninheritable drug-tolerant phenotype. They are linked to the recalcitrance of infections in healthcare settings, in turn giving rise to AMR variants. The importance of bacterial persistence in recurring infections has been firmly recognized. Fundamental work over the past decade has highlighted numerous unique tolerance factors contributing to the persister phenotype in many clinically relevant pathogens. This review summarizes contributing factors that could aid in developing new strategies against bacterial antibiotic persisters.
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