Dysregulation of cardiac mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2: Studies in dogs with chronic heart failure.

Mitochondrial (MITO) dysfunction occurs in the failing heart and contributes to worsening of heart failure (HF). Reduced aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) in left ventricular (LV) myocardium of diabetic hearts has been implicated in MITO dysfunction through accumulation of toxic aldehydes including and elevated levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4HNE). This study examined whether dysregulation of MITO ALDH2 (mALDH2) occurs in mitochondria of the failing LV and is associated with increased levels of 4HNE. LV tissue from 7 HF and 7 normal (NL) dogs was obtained. Protein quantification of total mitochondrial ALDH2 (t-mALDH2), phosphorylated mALDH2 (p-mALDH2), total MITO protein kinase c epsilon (t-mPKCε), phosphorylated mPKCε (p-mPKCε) was performed by Western blotting, and total mALDH2 enzymatic activity was measured. Protein adducts of 4HNE-MITO and 4HNE-mALDH2 were also measured in MITO fraction by Western Blotting. Protein level of t-mALDH2 was decreased in HF compared with NL dogs (0.63 ± 0.07 vs 1.17 ± 0.08, < 0.05) as did mALDH2 enzymatic activity (51.39 ± 3 vs. 107.66 ± 4 nmol NADH/min/mg, < 0.05). Phosphorylated-mALDH2 and p-mPKCε were unchanged. 4HNE-MITO proteins adduct levels increased in HF compared with NL (2.45 ± 0.08 vs 1.30 ± 0.03 du, < 0.05) as did adduct levels of 4HNE-mALDH2 (1.60 ± 0.20 vs 0.39 ± 0.08, < 0.05). In isolated failing cardiomyocytes (CM) exposure to 4HNE decreased mALDH2 activity, increased ROS and 4HNE-ALDH2 adducts, and worsened MITO function. Stimulation of mALDH2 activity with ALDA-1 in isolated HF CMs compared to NL CMs improved ADP-stimulated respiration and maximal ATP synthesis to a greater extant (+47 % and +89 %, respectively). Down-regulation of mALDH2 protein levels and activity occurs in HF and contributes to MITO dysfunction and is likely caused by accumulation of 4HNE-mALDH2 adduct. Increasing mALDH2 activity (via ALDA-1) improved MITO function in failing CMs.