Why so slow? Models of parkinsonian bradykinesia.

Bradykinesia, or slowness of movement, is a defining feature of Parkinson disease (PD) and a major contributor to the negative effects on quality of life associated with this disorder and related conditions. A dominant pathophysiological model of bradykinesia in PD has existed for approximately 30 years and has been the basis for the development of several therapeutic interventions, but accumulating evidence has made this model increasingly untenable. Although more recent models have been proposed, they also appear to be flawed. In this Perspective, I consider the leading prior models of bradykinesia in PD and argue that a more functionally related model is required, one that considers changes that disrupt the fundamental process of accurate information transmission. In doing so, I review emerging evidence of network level functional connectivity changes, information transfer dysfunction and potential motor code transmission error and present a novel model of bradykinesia in PD that incorporates this evidence. I hope that this model may reconcile inconsistencies in its predecessors and encourage further development of therapeutic interventions.