Fast-charging aqueous batteries enabled by a three-dimensional ordered Zn anode at deliberate concentration polarization.

A finely controlled concentration polarization environment was deliberately created to fabricate a three-dimensional ordered Zn metal anode with (002)-dominated planes, which enabled a high-rate aqueous Ni-Zn pouch cell with a high discharge capacity of 187.3 mA h g at 50 C, and a capacity retention of 94.7% and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.8% for 500 charge/discharge cycles.