Isotopic evidence for soil water sources and reciprocal movement in a semi-arid degraded wetland: Implications for wetland restoration.

Understanding water dynamics is a prerequisite for the restoration of degraded ecosystems in arid and semiarid regions. In this study, we carried out δD and δO analyses of precipitation, unsaturated soil water, overland flow, surface runoff, and groundwater samples from a seasonally flooded wetland in the Momoge National Nature Reserve of the Songnen Plain, Northeast China, to identify the water sources and understand the mechanisms of unsaturated soil water movement. Unsaturated soil water content (W/W%) at every 20 cm along with a soil profile (0-100 cm) was collected during the growing season, and the HYDRUS-1D model was used to simulate temporal-spatial variations. The results showed that the local meteoric water line (δD = 5.90δO-7.34, R = 0.95) had a smaller slope and intercept than the global meteoric water line because of strong evaporation at our study site under semi-arid climate. The groundwater was partly recharged by local precipitation overland flow and unsaturated soil water infiltration. Unsaturated soil water was sourced from both precipitation and groundwater with variations at different depths. The upper soil layer at 0-15 cm was mainly sourced from limited precipitation, while the groundwater could move up to a 25 cm layer during the dry period. The unsaturated soil water content increased with soil depth in the top 40 cm, decreased at depths of 40 to 80 cm, and increased again at depths of 80 to 100 cm. The HYDRUS-1D model could simulate the unsaturated soil water dynamics well in the upper (0-40 cm) and lower (80-100 cm) sections, but poorly for depths of 40-80 cm due to the upward and downward flow. The bidirectional unsaturated soil water movement highlights the importance of capillary groundwater for wetland plants with similar climatic or hydrogeological conditions.