Synaptic zinc ions (Zn) play an important role in the development of vascular dementia (VD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this article, we reviewed the current comprehension of the Zn-induced neurotoxicity that leads to the pathogenesis of these neuronal diseases. Zn-induced neurotoxicity was investigated by using immortalised hypothalamic neurons (GT1-7 cells). This cell line is useful for the development of a rapid and convenient screening system for investigating Zn-induced neurotoxicity. GT1-7 cells were also used to search for substances that prevent Zn-induced neurotoxicity. Among the tested substances was a protective substance in the extract of Japanese eel (), and we determined its structure to be like carnosine (β-alanylhistidine). Carnosine may be a therapeutic drug for VD and PD. Furthermore, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms that involve the role of carnosine as an endogenous protector and its protective effect against Zn-induced cytotoxicity and discussed the prospects for the future therapeutic applications of this dipeptide for neurodegenerative diseases and dementia.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12061296 | DOI Listing |
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