Genome-wide association study and candidate gene identification for agronomic traits in 182 upward-growing fruits of C. frutescens and C. annuum.

Pepper agronomic traits serve as pivotal indicators for characterizing germplasm attributes and correlations. It is important to study differential genotypic variation through phenotypic differences of target traits. Whole genome resequencing was used to sequence the whole genome among different individuals of species with known reference genomes and annotations, and based on this, differential analyses of individuals or populations were carried out to identify SNPs for agronomic traits related to pepper. This study conducted a genome-wide association study encompassing 26 key agronomic traits in 182 upward-growing fruits of C. frutescens and C. annuum. The population structure (phylogenetics, population structure, population principal component analysis, genetic relationship) and linkage disequilibrium analysis were realized to ensure the accuracy and reliability of GWAS results, and the optimal statistical model was determined. A total of 929 SNPs significantly associated with 26 agronomic traits, were identified, alongside the detection of 519 candidate genes within 100 kb region adjacent to these SNPs. Additionally, through gene annotation and expression pattern scrutiny, genes such as GAUT1, COP10, and DDB1 correlated with fruit traits in Capsicum frutescens and Capsicum annuum were validated via qRT-PCR. In the CH20 (Capsicum annuum) and YB-4 (Capsicum frutescens) cultivars, GAUT1 and COP10 were cloned with cDNA lengths of 1065 bp and 561 bp, respectively, exhibiting only a small number of single nucleotide variations and nucleotide deletions. This validation provides a robust reference for molecular marker-assisted breeding of pepper agronomic traits, offering both genetic resources and theoretical foundations for future endeavors in molecular marker-assisted breeding for pepper.