Endurance sports encompass a broad range of events from marathons and triathlons to ultramarathons, long-distance cycling, skiing, and swimming. As these events have experienced a surge in popularity, we have a greater need to understand the associated medical risks. This article reviews the history of endurance races, reviews the most critical and common causes of cardiovascular, heat, electrolyte, and musculoskeletal injuries/illnesses, and discusses considerations for medical directors/personnel associated with such events.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2024.02.017 | DOI Listing |
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The effect of three types of water-based training protocols on thymus atrophy and specific indicators of cellular immune senescence in aged male rats.
Biogerontology
January 2025
School of Health and Sport Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK.
The collective detrimental impact of aged naive lymphocytes and thymus atrophy on the aging of the immune system can be mitigated by exercise. Hence, this research aims to explore the effects of three methods of water-based exercises on immune system aging and thymus atrophy in elderly rats. Thirty-two 24-month-old rats, with an average weight of 320 ± 5 g, were randomly allocated into four groups of endurance training (n = 8), resistance training (n = 8), combined training (n = 8), and control (n = 8).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMeta-analyses of the effects of high-intensity interval training in elite athletes-part I: mean effects on various performance measures.
Front Physiol
January 2025
Internet Society for Sport Science, Auckland, New Zealand.
Introduction: Meta-analysts have found that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves physical performance, but limited evidence exists regarding its effects on highly trained athletes, measures beyond maximum oxygen uptake ( O), and the moderating effects of different types of HIIT. In this study, we present meta-analyses of the effects of HIIT focusing on these deficits.
Methods: The effects of 6 types of HIIT and other moderators were derived from 34 studies involving highly trained endurance and elite athletes in percent units via log-transformation from separate meta-regression mixed models for sprint, time-trial, aerobic/anaerobic threshold, peak speed/power, repeated-sprint ability, O, and exercise economy.
Age and Sex-Related Differences in Neuroprotective Effects of Cardiovascular Endurance on Cortical Thickness and Brain Volume in Adults Across Age.
Brain Behav
January 2025
Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
Background: Higher cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiovascular endurance (CE) have been shown to be neuroprotective in older adulthood, but the mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection across the adult lifespan are poorly understood. The current study sought to examine the neuroprotective effects of CRF on gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes, and mean cortical thickness (MCT), using a large sample across the adult lifespan. We also examined sex differences in these relationships.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFReduced PI3K(p110α) induces atrial myopathy, and PI3K-related lipids are dysregulated in athletes with atrial fibrillation.
J Sport Health Sci
January 2025
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Cardiometabolic Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Cardiovascular Research, Translation and Implementation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Physiology and Department of Medicine Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Heart Research Institute, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia. Electronic address:
Background: Elucidating mechanisms underlying atrial myopathy, which predisposes individuals to atrial fibrillation (AF), will be critical for preventing/treating AF. In a serendipitous discovery, we identified atrial enlargement, fibrosis, and thrombi in mice with reduced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in cardiomyocytes. PI3K(p110α) is elevated in the heart with exercise and is critical for exercise-induced ventricular enlargement and protection, but the role in the atria was unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFA Prospective Study on Maximal Oxygen Uptake and Cardiovascular Functions in 12-Year-Old Endurance Athletes and Their Non-Endurance-Trained Peers.
Scand J Med Sci Sports
January 2025
Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway.
The maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O) is typically higher in endurance-trained adolescents than in non-endurance-trained peers. However, the specific mechanisms contributing to this remain unclear, as well as the impact of training during this developmental stage. This study aims to compare V̇O and cardiovascular functions between 12-year-old endurance athletes and non-endurance-trained over a 14-month period.
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