Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients With Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chloroquine (CQ) are foundational treatments for several systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Concerns regarding the risk of cardiac arrhythmia and death have been raised, yet the burden of HCQ and CQ-related cardiac toxicities remains unclear. A systematic literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE and Embase databases for articles published between the earliest date and April 2023 reporting cardiac conduction abnormalities in patients with systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases taking HCQ or CQ. Meta-analysis was performed to calculate the difference in mean corrected QT (QTc) interval and odds ratio of prolonged QTc interval in those taking HCQ or CQ versus not. Of 2673 unique records, 34 met the inclusion criteria, including 70,609 subjects. Thirty-three studies reported outcomes in HCQ and 9 in CQ. Five studies reported outcomes in RA, 11 in SLE, and 18 in populations with mixed rheumatic diseases. Eleven studies reported mean QTc and OR for prolonged QTc for meta-analysis, all reporting outcomes in HCQ. There was a significant increase in mean QTc (10.29 ms,  P  = 0.458) among HCQ users compared to non-HCQ users in patients with RA. There was no difference in mean QTc between HCQ and non-HCQ users in other systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases. When rheumatic diseases were pooled, HCQ users were more likely to have prolonged QTc compared to non-HCQ users (odds ratio 1.57, 95% CI, 1.19, 2.08). The results of this study suggest that clinicians should be aware of potential adverse cardiac events of HCQ and consider QTc monitoring for patients on HCQ for the treatment of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.