produces fumonisins, which are mycotoxins inhibiting sphingolipid biosynthesis in humans, animals, and other eukaryotes. Fumonisins are presumed virulence factors of plant pathogens, but may also play a role in interactions between competing fungi. We observed higher resistance to added fumonisin B (FB) in fumonisin-producing than in nonproducing , and likewise between isolates of and differing in production of sphinganine-analog toxins. It has been reported that in , ceramide synthase encoded in the fumonisin biosynthetic gene cluster is responsible for self-resistance. We reinvestigated the role of and by generating a double mutant strain in a background. Nearly unchanged resistance to added FB was observed compared to the parental strain. A recently developed fumonisin-sensitive baker's yeast strain allowed for the testing of candidate ceramide synthases by heterologous expression. The overexpression of the yeast gene, but not , increased fumonisin resistance. High-level resistance was conferred by , but not by . Likewise, strong resistance to FB was caused by overexpression of the presumed "housekeeping" ceramide synthases , , and , located outside the fumonisin cluster, indicating that possesses a redundant set of insensitive targets as a self-resistance mechanism.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16060235 | DOI Listing |
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