A Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Contribution on Section (, ) in Europe: Calamistratum and Geraniodorum Groups.

The aim of this study is to carry out a taxonomic revision of the groups Calamistratum and Geraniodorum of the genus sect. in Europe. For this purpose, a multigenic phylogenetic analysis was carried out using the ITS, LSU, RPB1 and RPB2 markers, covering a total of 111 sequences, including those generated from the existing type-material collections. This analysis led to the recognition of nine clades or terminal groups for the European continent, correlating with nine morphological species. Three of them, , sp. nov. and sp. nov., are distributed in humid and temperate forests, whereas sp. nov., , sp. nov., comb. nov., and seem to be restricted to the colder altimontane, boreal and alpine climates. It is concluded that the study of morphological and ecological characteristics allows the recognition of species without the need for an often-subjective interpretation of organoleptic characteristics. is considered a synonym of , as a different species from , and var. f. as a synonym of . Four new species and one new combination are proposed. A key for the recognition of the European species is provided. Illustrations and photographs of macro- and micromorphological characters and SEM spores of all species are presented.