The strategy for the development of new drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) recognizes that an effective therapy requires early therapeutic intervention and a multifactorial approach that considers the individual initiators of AD development. Current knowledge of AD includes the understanding of pathophysiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and the evolving patterns of biomarker abnormalities. This knowledge is essential in identifying potential molecular targets for new drug development. This review summarizes promising AD drug candidates, many of which are currently in phase 2 or 3 clinical trials. New agents are classified according to the Common Alzheimer's Disease Research Ontology (CADRO). The main targets of new drugs for AD are processes related to amyloid beta and tau neurotoxicity, neurotransmission, inflammation, metabolism and bioenergetics, synaptic plasticity, and oxidative stress. These interventions are aimed at preventing disease onset and slowing or eliminating disease progression. The efficacy of pharmacotherapy may be enhanced by combining these drugs with other treatments, antioxidants, and dietary supplements. Ongoing research into AD pathophysiology, risk factors, biomarkers, and the dynamics of biomarker abnormalities may contribute to the understanding of AD and offer hope for effective therapeutic strategies in the near future.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111069 | DOI Listing |
Theranostics
January 2025
Center of Regenerative Medicine, Department of Stomatology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
Disrupted hippocampal functions and progressive neuronal loss represent significant challenges in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). How to achieve the improvement of pathological progression and effective neural regeneration to ameliorate the intracerebral dysfunctional environment and cognitive impairment is the goal of the current AD therapy. We examined the therapeutic potential of clinical-grade human derived dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) in cognitive function and neuropathology in AD.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTheranostics
January 2025
Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and one of the leading causes of death. AD is known to be correlated to tortuosity in the microvasculature as well as decreases in blood flow throughout the brain. However, the mechanisms behind these changes and their causal relation to AD are poorly understood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCureus
December 2024
Department of Internal Medicine, Hasegawa Hospital, Mitaka, JPN.
Leaky gut syndrome (LGS) is caused by intestinal epithelial injury and increased intestinal permeability due to a variety of factors, including chronic stress, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, surgery, and chemotherapy, resulting in an increased influx of matter from the intestinal lumen causing constipation and bacteremia. To our knowledge, this is the first known case of LGS along with () bacteremia in a neurodegenerative disease patient. The patient was an 81-year-old male with a history of Alzheimer's disease, cerebral infarction, and diverticulitis in a psychiatric hospital, fed via a nasogastric tube.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Nutr Sci
July 2024
Department of Human Nutrition and Hospitality Management, College of Human Environmental Sciences, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a common feature of brain disorders. Mitochondria play a central role in oxidative phosphorylation; thus changes in energy metabolism in the brain have been reported in conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stroke. In addition, mitochondria regulate cellular responses associated with neuronal damage such as the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), and apoptosis.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Clin Periodontol
January 2025
College of Medicine and Science Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
Background: Periodontal disease (PD) is a prevalent, preventable and treatable oral infection associated with substantial morbidity globally. There is little information from population-representative cohort studies about the sociodemographic, educational and other early life factors that stratify PD risk.
Methods: We used data from the U.
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