Revisions to Limits for Toluene in Spacecraft Air.

The original Spacecraft Maximal Allowable Concentrations (SMACs) for toluene (set for 1 h, 24 h, 7 d, 30 d, and 180 d) were first established by NASA in 1996 based on a human study in which no irritation or neurotoxicity was reported following 6-h exposure to 40 ppm toluene vapors. While the toluene SMACs were updated in 2008 to account for auditory, visual, and hormonal effects (for 7 d, 30 d, and 180 d) and to include a long-term SMAC (1000 d) in anticipation of longer spaceflight exploration missions, the short-term SMAC limits (1 h and 24 h) remained unchanged. Acute toluene exposure is reported to result in ocular and nasal irritation, although it is not a primary irritant, as well as central nervous system effects including headaches and dizziness. Long-term exposure to toluene can elicit hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and endocrine toxicity. Since publication of the original and revised toluene SMACs, the National Academy of Sciences developed interim Acute Exposure Guideline Limits reviewed by the National Research Council Committee. Based on these data, we have increased the limits for toluene in crewed spacecraft to 40 ppm for 1 h, 24 h, 7 d, and 30 d. SMACs for durations of 180 and 1000 d will remain unchanged.changed.