Background: Hospital wastewater (HWW) promotes the spread of carbapenem resistance genes (CRGs). carry a large number of CRGs in HWW, they may play a role as a suitable reservoir for CRGs, while resistomes in HWW are still poorly characterized regarding carbapenem resistant . Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the molecular epidemiological characteristics of carbapenem resistant in HWW.
Methods: A total of 33 carbapenem resistant were isolated from HWW. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to assess the antimicrobial resistance profiles. Molecular typing was performed using enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The horizontal transmission mode of was explored through conjugation and transformation experiments. The stability of -IncP-6 plasmids was assessed through plasmid stability and in vitro competition test. The PCR mapping method was used to investigate the structural diversity of .
Results: The detection rates of and in were 97.0% and 39.4% respectively. were grouped into 13 clusters by ERIC-PCR and 12 STs by MLST. were grouped into 11 clusters by ERIC-PCR and 4 STs by MLST. 56.3% were located on mobilizable IncP-6 plasmids. -IncP-6 plasmid showed high stability and low cost fitness.
Conclusion: Carbapenem resistant from HWW mainly carried , which exhibited great structural diversity. might serve as reservoirs for and might spread mainly through transformation in HWW.
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| http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S460715 | DOI Listing |
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