Purpose: To synthesize evidence on the effect of early post-stroke spasticity interventions.
Methods: Systematic literature search (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) encompassing studies on spasticity reducing interventions within 3 months post stroke on outcome defined within the International Classification of Functioning (ICF).
Results: In total, 27 studies were identified with = 1.658 cases. Botulinum toxin (2-12 weeks; 10 studies, = 794) showed consistent and significant reduced spasticity by Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) or electromyography (EMG). Electrical muscle stimulation (1-8 weeks; 6 studies, = 335) showed lower MAS/Composite Spasticity Scale scores in 4 studies. Transcranial stimulation (3 studies; = 131), oral spasmolytics (1 study; = 38), shockwave (1 study; = 40), orthotics (3 studies; = 197 and robot-assisted therapy (3 studies; = 123) showed inconclusive results. Effects on ICF activity domain could not be established due to limited data and large outcome measures heterogeneity. One out of two studies showed significant benefit for early compared to late BoNT intervention (< 90 vs> 90 days).
Conclusion: This study provides evidence for early applied (<3 months) BoNT to effectively reduce spasticity and probable effectiveness of electrical stimulation. Establishing effects of interventions in the acute/hospitalization phase (<7 days) needs further work, specifically on the ICF activity domain. Standardization of outcome measures is required.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2024.2363963 | DOI Listing |
Chemistry
December 2024
Harbin Institute of Technology - Weihai, School of Marine Science and Technoogy, No. 2 West Road, 264209, Weihai, CHINA.
Disulfide bonds (S-S) play a critical role in modern biochemistry, organic synthesis and prebiotic chemistry. Traditional methods for synthesizing disulfide bonds often rely on oxygen, alkali, and metal catalysts. Herein, thiol groups involved in amino acids and peptides were spontaneously converted into symmetrical and unsymmetrical disulfide bonds within water microdroplets, without the need for catalysts or oxygen, and under room temperature.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFChemSusChem
December 2024
TCG-CREST, Research Institute for Sustainable Energy (RISE), INDIA.
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a key reaction in electrochemical water splitting for hydrogen production leading to the development of potentially sustainable energy technology. Importantly, the catalysts required for HER must be earth-abundant for their large-scale deployment; silicates representing one such class. Herein, we have synthesized a series of transition mono- and bi- metal metasilicates (with SO32- group) using facile wet-chemical method followed by calcination at a higher temperature.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFExpert Opin Drug Saf
December 2024
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
Introduction: The risk of HCC is twice as high in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic ones, suggesting that diabetes advances carcinogenesis in the liver through a variety of mechanisms. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have been shown to improve liver outcomes, emerging as promising agents to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
Methods: We searched PubMed and Scopus databases for articles presenting an association between SGLT2is and HCC to explore the putative mechanisms of action underlying the anti-proliferative activity of SGLT2is.
Elife
December 2024
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
Because of high mutation rates, viruses constantly adapt to new environments. When propagated in cell lines, certain viruses acquire positively charged amino acids on their surface proteins, enabling them to utilize negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) as an attachment receptor. In this study, we used enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) as model and demonstrated that unlike the parental MP4 variant, the cell-adapted strong HS-binder MP4-97R/167G does not require acidification for uncoating and releases its genome in the neutral or weakly acidic environment of early endosomes.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFJ Am Chem Soc
December 2024
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K.
Activated intramolecular singlet fission is known to occur in the conjugated polymer polythienylene-vinylene (P3TV). Instead, efficient intersystem crossing has been observed in a short 3-alkyl(thienylene-vinylene) dimer. Here, we investigate a series of oligomers covering the conjugation length gap between the dimer and polymer.
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