AI Article Synopsis
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) help treat cancer by blocking certain proteins (like PD-1 and CTLA-4) that limit T cell activity, which is necessary for attacking cancer cells.
- While ICIs can lead to lasting responses in some patients, they have drawbacks such as low efficacy, serious side effects, and high costs, making it crucial to identify which patients will benefit most from the treatment.
- The review highlights established biomarkers, like PD-L1 expression and microsatellite instability, as well as newer potential biomarkers (e.g., gut microbiome and immune cell profiles) that could help improve patient selection and treatment outcomes.
Article Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) activate anti-cancer immunity by blocking T cell checkpoint molecules such as programmed death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). Although ICIs induce some durable responses in various cancer patients, they also have disadvantages, including low response rates, the potential for severe side effects, and high treatment costs. Therefore, selection of patients who can benefit from ICI treatment is critical, and identification of biomarkers is essential to improve the efficiency of ICIs. In this review, we provide updated information on established predictive biomarkers (tumor programmed death-ligand 1 [PD-L1] expression, DNA mismatch repair deficiency, microsatellite instability high, and tumor mutational burden) and potential biomarkers currently under investigation such as tumor-infiltrated and peripheral lymphocytes, gut microbiome, and signaling pathways related to DNA damage and antigen presentation. In particular, this review aims to summarize the current knowledge of biomarkers, discuss issues, and further explore future biomarkers.
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| http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11293349 | PMC |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101621 | DOI Listing |
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