Genomic perspectives on foodborne illness.

Whole-genome sequencing of bacterial pathogens is used by public health agencies to link cases of food poisoning caused by the same source of contamination. The vast majority of these appear to be sporadic cases associated with small contamination episodes and do not trigger investigations. We analyzed clusters of sequenced clinical isolates of , , , and that differ by only a small number of mutations to provide a new understanding of the underlying contamination episodes. These analyses provide new evidence that the youngest age groups have greater susceptibility to infection from , , and than older age groups. This age bias is weaker for the common serovar Enteritidis than Salmonella in general. Analysis of these clusters reveals significant regional variations in relative frequencies of serovars across the United States. A large fraction of the contamination episodes causing sickness appear to have long duration. For example, 50% of the cases are in clusters that persist for almost three years. For all four pathogen species, the majority of the cases were part of genetic clusters with illnesses in multiple states and likely to be caused by contaminated commercially distributed foods. The vast majority of cases among infants < 6 months of age appear to be caused by cross-contamination from foods consumed by older age groups or by environmental bacteria rather than infant formula contaminated at production sites.