Genetic predisposition to porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder.

Porto-sinusoidal vascular disorder (PSVD) is a rare liver disease. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of PSVD are unknown. Isolated cases of PSVD associated with gene mutations have been reported, but no overview is available. Therefore, we performed an extensive literature search to provide a comprehensive overview of gene mutations associated with PSVD. We identified 34 genes and 1 chromosomal abnormality associated with PSVD in the literature, and we describe here 1 additional gene mutation ( TBL1XR1 mutation, leading to Pierpont syndrome). These gene mutations are associated either with extrahepatic organ involvement as part of syndromes (Adams-Oliver, telomere biology disorders, retinal vasculopathy with cerebral leukoencephalopathy and systemic manifestations, immune deficiencies, cystic fibrosis, cystinosis, Williams-Beuren, Turner, Pierpont) or with isolated PSVD ( KCNN3 , DGUOK , FOPV , GIMAP5 , FCHSD1 , TRMT5 , HRG gene mutations). Most of the cases were revealed by signs or complications of portal hypertension. When analyzing the cell types in which these genes are expressed, we found that these genes are predominantly expressed in immune cells, suggesting that these cells may play a more important role in the development of PSVD than previously thought. In addition, pathway analyses suggested that there may be 2 types of PSVD associated with gene mutations: those resulting directly from morphogenetic abnormalities and those secondary to immune changes.