Seizures frequently manifest autonomic dysfunction clinically, and seizure discharges commonly spread into and involve autonomic pathways. These associations are direct and simple in some instances, and the result of multiple indirect and complex relationships in others. Effects of epileptic discharge on the autonomic nervous system are mediated through the cortical, limbic, and hypothalamic systems. Some significant consequences of altered autonomic function include convulsive apnea, abnormal sexual function, and potentially fatal effects on the cardiovascular system.
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