Photocatalytic CO reduction shows potential for mitigating industrial emissions. Z-scheme InO/CdS(bio) heterostructures (25 nm, 217.0 m g surface area) with a more negative conduction band synthesized using phytochemicals present in with short microwave irradiation inhibit CdS(bio) photocorrosion forming SO. InO/CdS(bio) increased the photocurrent density (0.82 μA cm) and CO adsorption (0.431 mmol g) significantly compared to CdS(bio) and InO(bio) NPs. Heterostructures increased decay time and reduced PL intensity by 46.28 and 61.80% over those of CdS(bio) and InO(bio) NPs. Density functional theory (DFT)-optimized geometry, band structure analysis, and density of states (DOS) studies indicate that the DOS of CdS is modified with InO incorporation, enhancing charge separation. Optimal 0.4InO/CdS(bio) heterostructures exhibit remarkable CO conversion to HCOOH/CO production of 514.4/162 μmol g h (AQY 4.44/2.45%), surpassing CdS(bio) and InO(bio) by 9 and 6.5 times, and retain their morphological and structural stability. This study provides valuable insight for developing bio-based CdS heterostructures for photocatalytic CO reduction.
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