Analysis of genes differentially expressed in the cortex of mice with the Tbl1xr1 variant.

Transducin β-like 1 X-linked receptor 1 (mouse Tbl1xr1) or TBL1X/Y related 1 (human TBL1XR1), part of the NCoR/SMRT corepressor complex, is involved in nuclear receptor signaling. Variants in TBL1XR1 cause a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders including Pierpont syndrome caused by the p.Tyr446Cys variant. We recently reported a mouse model carrying the Tbl1xr1 variant as a model for Pierpont syndrome. To obtain insight into mechanisms involved in altered brain development we studied gene expression patterns in the cortex of mutant and wild type (WT) mice, using RNA-sequencing, differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), weighted gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA) and hub gene analysis. We validated results in mutated mouse cortex, as well as in BV2 and SK-N-AS cell lines, in both of which Tbl1xr1 was knocked down by siRNA. Two DEGs (adj.P. Val < 0.05) were found in the cortex, Mpeg1 (downregulated in mutant mice) and 2900052N01Rik (upregulated in mutant mice). GSEA, WGCNA and hub gene analysis demonstrated changes in genes involved in ion channel function and neuroinflammation in the cortex of the Tbl1xr1 mice. The lowered expression of ion channel genes Kcnh3 and Kcnj4 mRNA was validated in the mutant mouse cortex, and increased expression of TRIM9, associated with neuroinflammation, was confirmed in the SK-N-AS cell line. Conclusively, our results show altered expression of genes involved in ion channel function and neuroinflammation in the cortex of the Tbl1xr1 mice. These may partly explain the impaired neurodevelopment observed in individuals with Pierpont syndrome and related TBL1XR1-related disorders.