Maternal alcohol drinking patterns predict offspring neurobehavioral outcomes.

The timing, rate, and quantity of gestational alcohol consumption, collectively referred to here as Maternal Drinking Patterns (MDPs), are of known importance to fetal developmental outcomes. However, few studies have directly evaluated the impact of MDPs on offspring behavior. To do so, we used specialized equipment to record the precise amount and timing of alcohol consumption in pregnant dams, and then characterized MDPs using Principle Component Analysis (PCA). We next tested offspring on behaviors we have previously identified as impacted by prenatal alcohol exposure, and evaluated them where possible in the context of MDPs. Male alcohol exposed mice exhibited longer latencies to fall on the rotarod compared to their controls, which we attribute to a delayed decrease in body weight-gain. This effect was mediated by MDPs within the first 15 min of alcohol access (i.e. alcohol frontloading), where the highest performing male offspring came from dams exhibiting the highest rate of alcohol frontloading. Female alcohol exposed mice displayed reduced locomotor activity in the open field compared to controls, which was mediated by MDPs encompassing the entire drinking session. Surprisingly, total gestational alcohol exposure alone was not associated with any behavioral outcomes. Finally, we observed allodynia in alcohol exposed mice that developed more quickly in males compared to females, and which was not observed in controls. To our knowledge, this report represents the highest resolution assessment of alcohol drinking throughout gestation in mice, and one of few to have identified relationships between specific alcohol MDPs and neurobehavioral outcomes in offspring.