The covalent immobilization of β-galactosidase from and alkaline protease from on amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in milk.

This study aimed was to covalently immobilize from and protease from on amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes. In this study, a two-level factorial design was employed to investigate the impact of seven continuous variables (activation pH, glutaraldehyde molarity, activation time (0-8 h), buffer solution pH (8-0), buffer solution molarity, quantity, and stabilization time (0-180 h)) on the immobilization efficiency and enzymatic activity of protease and . Furthermore, the effect of time on the percentage of enzymatic activity was examined during specific intervals (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) of the immobilization process. The analysis of variance results for protease enzymatic activity revealed a notable influence of the seven variables on immobilization efficiency and enzymatic activity. Additionally, the findings indicate that activation time, buffer pH, quantity, and stabilization time significantly affect the activity of the protease enzyme. The interplay between buffer pH and stabilization time is also significant. Indeed, both activation time and the quantity of exert a reducing effect on enzyme activity. Notably, the influence of quantity is more significant (p < 0.05). In terms of beta-galactosidase enzymatic activity, the study results highlight that among the seven variables considered, only the glutaraldehyde molarity, activation time, and the interplay of activation time and the quantity of can exert a statistically significant positive impact on the enzyme's activity (p < 0.05). The combination of activation time and buffer solution molarity, as well as the interactive effect of buffer pH and MWCNT-NH-glutaraldehyde, can lead to a significant improvement in the stabilization efficiency of the protease of carbon nanotubes. The analysis of variance results demonstrated that the efficiency of covalently immobilizing from on amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes is influenced by the molarity of glutaraldehyde, buffer pH, stabilization time, and the interplay of activation time + buffer pH, buffer pH + activation time, activation time + buffer molarity, and glutaraldehyde molarity +  (p < 0.05). Through the optimization and selection of optimal formulations, the obtained results indicate enzyme activities and stabilization efficiencies of 64.09 % ± 72.63 % and 65.96 % ± 71.77 % for protease and beta-galactosidase, respectively. Moreover, increasing the enzyme stabilization time resulted in a reduction of enzyme activity. Furthermore, an increase in pH, temperature, and the duration of milk storage passing through the enzyme-immobilized carbon nanotubes led to a decrease in enzyme stabilization efficiency, and lactose hydrolysis declined progressively over 8-h. Hence, the covalent immobilization of from and protease from onto amino-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes is anticipated to be achievable for milk applications.