Advancements in Artificial Intelligence for the Diagnosis of Multidrug Resistance and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health concern, particularly with the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). Traditional methods for diagnosing drug resistance in TB are time-consuming and often lack accuracy, leading to delays in appropriate treatment initiation and exacerbating the spread of drug-resistant strains. In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have shown promise in revolutionizing TB diagnosis, offering rapid and accurate identification of drug-resistant strains. This comprehensive review explores the latest advancements in AI applications for the diagnosis of MDR-TB and XDR-TB. We discuss the various AI algorithms and methodologies employed, including machine learning, deep learning, and ensemble techniques, and their comparative performances in TB diagnosis. Furthermore, we examine the integration of AI with novel diagnostic modalities such as whole-genome sequencing, molecular assays, and radiological imaging, enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of TB diagnosis. Challenges and limitations surrounding the implementation of AI in TB diagnosis, such as data availability, algorithm interpretability, and regulatory considerations, are also addressed. Finally, we highlight future directions and opportunities for the integration of AI into routine clinical practice for combating drug-resistant TB, ultimately contributing to improved patient outcomes and enhanced global TB control efforts.