The emerging role of human papillomavirus in lung cancer.

Lung cancer stands as one of the most lethal diseases and is the foremost cause of cancer-related mortalities worldwide. The pathophysiology of lung cancer is multifaceted, and it includes multiple cell signaling pathways and other complex factors such as oxidative stress and genetics. The association of HPV with lung carcinogenesis was first proposed in 1979, and since then, scientists worldwide have been putting forward several hypotheses to establish a relationship between this virus and lung cancer. Although studies have reported the presence of HPV in lung cancer, the exact mechanism of entry and the route of transmission have not been elucidated clearly till date. Numerous studies across the globe have detected differentially expressed HPV oncoproteins in lung cancer patients and found their association with the critical cell signaling pathways that leads to the development and progression of lung cancer. Many reports have also provided evidence stating the involvement of HPV in determining the survival status of lung cancer patients. The present review recapitulates the studies evincing the association of HPV and lung cancer, its route of transmission and mechanism of action; the detection of the virus and treatment opportunities for HPV-positive lung cancer; and the severity associated with this disease. Therefore, this will provide an explicit idea and would help to develop preventive measures and specific as well as effective treatment for HPV-associated lung carcinogenesis.