Exploring Innovative Approaches in Type-2 Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Review on Nano-carriers and Transdermal Drug Delivery.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels and encompasses various types like type 1, type 2, gestational, and prediabetes. This review delves into the intricacies of type-2 diabetes mellitus and its ideal management. Presently, a spectrum of herbal and synthetic drugs is employed for type-2 diabetes mellitus management. We gathered information about diabetes mellitus from articles published up to 2024 and listed in PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, Google Scholar, and similar databases. The keywords used in our search included "diabetes", "herbal drugs", "nano-carriers", "transdermal drug delivery", etc. By carefully analyzing the research on type-2 diabetes-mellitus, it was found that there is an increase in diabetes-based research, which can be demonstrated by contemplating the PubMed search engine results using transdermal delivery for type-2 diabetes-mellitus as a keyword. The oral consumption of these drugs is associated with numerous side effects, including obesity, pancreatic cancer, and hormonal imbalances. To surmount these challenges, the utilization of nano-carriers and transdermal drug delivery systems emerges as a promising avenue aiming to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. Nano-carriers represent a revolutionary approach, integrating cutting-edge technologies, inventive strategies, and methodologies to deliver active molecules in concentrations that are both safe and effective, thereby eliciting the desired pharmacological response. This review critically examines the constraints associated with traditional oral administration of anti-diabetic drugs and underscores the manifold initiatives undertaken to revolutionize drug delivery. This review focuses on the limitations associated with the conventional oral administration of anti-diabetic drugs and the many initiatives made so far for the effective and safe delivery of drugs using innovative constituents and techniques.