Changes in emotion regulation difficulties and PTSD symptom severity in an intensive treatment program for PTSD.

Background: Greater difficulties in emotion regulation (ER) and decreased use of adaptive ER strategies have been associated with higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. To date, limited research has explored whether ER improves with PTSD treatment or whether such improvements are linked with improvements in PTSD symptoms.

Methods: Veterans and service members with PTSD (N = 223) participated in a 2-week intensive treatment program (ITP) based in Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT). ER was measured using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Short Form (DERS-SF) at baseline and on days 4 and 9 of treatment. PTSD symptoms were reported on the PTSD Symptom Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) at baseline, on days 3, 5, 6, and 8 of treatment, and at post-treatment.

Results: DERS-SF scores decreased during treatment (M = 5.12, d = 0.38). Baseline DERS-SF did not predict overall PCL-5 scores across timepoints (p = .377). However, scores on the DERS-SF over time were significantly associated with PCL-5 improvement over the course of treatment (p < .001, R = 0.07). Finally, improvements in all subscales of the DERS-SF across time except clarity were significantly associated with improvement in PCL-5 over time.

Limitations: Additional treatment components in the ITP beyond CPT may have contributed to ER improvements. Conclusions are also limited by the use of self-report data.

Conclusions: An intensive CPT-based treatment program for veterans and service members can lead to improved ER in two weeks. ER improvements are associated with PTSD symptom severity during the ITP.