A comprehensive review of navigation systems for visually impaired individuals.

Background: This review explores the evolutionary trajectory of navigation assistance tools tailored for the visually impaired, spanning from traditional aids like white canes to contemporary electronic devices. It underlines their pivotal role in fostering safe mobility for visually impaired individuals.

Objectives: The primary aim is to categorize and assess the plethora of navigation assistance solutions available. Emphasis is placed on technological advancements, particularly in electronic systems employing sensors, AI, and feedback mechanisms. Furthermore, the review underscores the emerging influence of smartphone-based solutions and navigation satellite systems in augmenting independence and quality of life for the visually impaired.

Methods: Navigation assistance solutions are segmented into four key categories: Visual Imagery Systems, Non-Visual Data Systems, Map-Based Solutions, and 3D Sound Systems. The integration of diverse sensors like Ultrasonic Sensors and LiDAR for obstacle detection and real-time feedback is scrutinized. Additionally, the fusion of smartphone technology with sensors to deliver location-based assistance is explored. The review also evaluates the functionality, efficacy, and cost-efficiency of navigation satellite systems.

Results: Results indicate a significant evolution in navigation aids, with modern electronic systems proving highly effective in aiding obstacle detection and safe navigation. The convenience and portability of smartphone-based solutions are underscored, along with the potential of navigation satellite systems to enhance navigation assistance.

Conclusions: In conclusion, the review advocates for continued innovation and technological integration in navigation tools to empower visually impaired individuals with increased independence and safe access to their surroundings. It accentuates the imperative of ongoing efforts to enhance the quality of life for those with visual impairments through futuristic technological solutions.