From sequences to sustainability: Exploring dipterocarp genomes for oleoresin production, timber quality, and conservation.

Dipterocarp species dominate tropical forest ecosystems and provide key ecological and economic value through their use of aromatic resins, medicinal chemicals, and high-quality timber. However, habitat loss and unsustainable logging have endangered many Dipterocarpaceae species. Genomic strategies provide new opportunities for both elucidating the molecular pathways underlying these desirable traits and informing conservation efforts for at-risk taxa. This review summarizes the progress in dipterocarp genomics analysis and applications. We describe 16 recently published Dipterocarpaceae genome sequences, representing crucial genetic blueprints. Phylogenetic comparisons delineate evolutionary relationships among species and provide frameworks for pinpointing functional changes underlying specialized metabolism and wood development patterns. We also discuss connections revealed thus far between specific gene families and both oleoresin biosynthesis and wood quality traits-including the identification of key terpenoid synthases and cellulose synthases likely governing pathway flux. Moreover, the characterization of adaptive genomic markers offers vital resources for supporting conservation practices prioritizing resilient genotypes displaying valuable oleoresin and timber traits. Overall, progress in dipterocarp functional and comparative genomics provides key tools for addressing the intertwined challenges of preserving biodiversity in endangered tropical forest ecosystems while sustainably deriving aromatic chemicals and quality lumber that support diverse human activities.