Commentary: importance of considering sex and gender when designing cancer care programs.

Due to perceived methodological complications, scientific studies have often excluded females. As a result, male-based findings have been generalized to females, despite physiological and biological differences between sexes. Gender has been even less considered in the literature, with little exploration specifically beyond traditional man/woman representation. This practice is compounded by a lack of what sex and gender encompass, including their erroneous use as synonyms. Sex- and gender-based differences, which are not clearly defined and recognized in scientific literature, are disregarded in health care delivery and, specifically relevant to the focus of this commentary, the development of cancer care programs. Conversely, accounting for sex- and gender in anti-cancer treatments and pathways can help create effective and personalized programming which could lead to an increased likelihood of adoption and adherence to treatment protocols. Although sex- and gender-specific programming may not be necessary in all situations, awareness of the concepts and possible impact on cancer care programs is paramount as more inclusive and personalized methodologies take shape. The goals of this commentary are to (a) clarify the terms sex and gender and (b) raise awareness of their applications and considerations for cancer care program design.