α-Glucosidase, butyrylcholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of phenolic compounds from L. flowers: and studies.

Chemical investigation of L. flowers resulted in isolation of seven metabolites that were identified as; -Hydroxybenzoic acid (), hydroxy cinnamic acid (), kaempferol-6-C-glucoside (), astragalin (), cartormin (), kaempferol-3--rutinoside (), and kaempferol-3--sophoroside (). Virtual screening of the isolated compounds against human intestinal α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase, and butyrylcholinesterase was carried out. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the bioactive compounds was assessed. Compounds and exhibited moderate binding affinities to acetylcholinesterase (binding energy -5.33 and -4.18 kcal/mol, respectively), compared to donepezil (-83.33kcal/mol). Compounds - demonstrated weak affinity to butyrylcholinesterase. Compounds and displayed moderate binding affinity to human intestinal α-glucosidase,compared to Acarbose (reference compound), meanwhile compound exhibited lower affinity. Molecular dynamic studies revealed that compound formed a stable complex with the binding site throughout a 100 ns simulation period. The results were consistent with the virtual experimental results, as compounds and showed mild inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase (ICs 150.6 and 168.7 µM, respectively). Compound exhibited moderate α-glucosidase inhibition with an IC of 93.71 µM. The bioactive compounds also demonstrated notable antioxidant activity in ABTS [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)], ORAC (oxygen radical-absorbance capacity), and metal chelation assays, suggesting their potential in improving dementia in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mitigating hyperglycemia.