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It is often assumed that adaptation - a temporary change in sensitivity to a perceptual dimension following exposure to that dimension - is a litmus test for what is and is not a "primary visual attribute". Thus, papers purporting to find evidence of number adaptation motivate a claim of great significance: That number is something that can be seen in much the way that canonical visual features, like color, contrast, size, and speed, can. Fifteen years after its reported discovery, number adaptation's existence seems to be nearly undisputed, with dozens of papers documenting support for the phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to offer a counterweight - to critically assess the evidence for and against number adaptation. After surveying the many reasons for thinking that number adaptation exists, we introduce several lesser-known reasons to be skeptical. We then advance an alternative account - the old news hypothesis - which can accommodate previously published findings while explaining various (otherwise unexplained) anomalies in the existing literature. Next, we describe the results of eight pre-registered experiments which pit our novel old news hypothesis against the received number adaptation hypothesis. Collectively, the results of these experiments undermine the number adaptation hypothesis on several fronts, whilst consistently supporting the old news hypothesis. More broadly our work raises questions about the status of adaptation itself as a means of discerning what is and is not a visual attribute.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2024.105813 | DOI Listing |
BMC Health Serv Res
March 2025
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
Background: Economic evidence on the long-term benefits of investing in early childhood development is limited. This study aimed to estimate the potential long-term economic benefits of an early childhood development intervention 'Learning Clubs' in Vietnam.
Methods: We conducted a cost-benefit analysis to estimate the costs and benefits of the intervention compared to the standard of care from a limited societal perspective.
Syst Rev
March 2025
Faculdade de Educação Física E Dança, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.
Background: Understanding university students' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) can help propose strategies that support targeted care for this population and identify issues affecting these individuals. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the commonly used instruments and possible study designs for the university population, enabling the standardization of interventions and instruments to evaluate the HRQoL of university students. We aim to conduct a scoping review to identify the main measurement instruments and key characteristics in studies using HRQoL measures among university students.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil
March 2025
Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
Background: The final event in modern pentathlon, the laser run, determines the final ranking, and it is not known whether the athletes' heart rates (HRs) and success rates during the shooting in the laser run are affected by environmental conditions. Although heart rate (HR) affects shooting performance, exercise-induced muscle fatigue accompanying increased HR can affect shooting speed and accuracy. The aims of this research were (a) to compare the HRs of pentathletes before and after fatigue, (b) to compare the shooting performance of pentathletes in the field vs.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Cardiovasc Disord
March 2025
School of Nutrition, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
Background: Framingham risk score (FRS) is an important cardiovascular risk assessment tool, based on objective measurements of blood pressure and lipid profile, among other factors. However, in large population surveys, these measures are not always available, which limits their use.
Objectives: Evaluate the performance of the FRS predictive results using subjective measures.
Sci Rep
March 2025
Research Laboratory on Engineering & Management Intelligence, HUN-REN Institute for Computer Science and Control (SZTAKI), 1111 Kende u. 13-17, Budapest, Hungary.
The Sniffin' Sticks test is evaluated by summing the scores of threshold, discrimination, and identification subtests to establish an olfactory diagnosis (anosmia, hyposmia, normosmia). However, variations in thresholds, ranges and inconsistencies have been observed. Statistical analyses (distributions, quantiles), protocol simulation, and implementations of the Sniffin' Sticks test were conducted.
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