Nutrient release pattern and mitigation of NO emissions under the application of activated poultry manure compost biochar with organic resources.

Biochar was generally used to reduce the macronutrient releases and to mitigate NO gas emissions in cropland. This experiment evaluated the trend of major plant nutrient releases using the modified Hyperbola model and the greenhouse gas emissions by incorporating different poultry manure compost biochar with organic resources. The treatments consisted of the control as the organic fertilizer materials, the incorporated poultry manure compost biochar with organic fertilizer materials (PMCBF), and the incorporated plasma-activated poultry manure compost biochar with organic fertilizer materials (PAMBF) under redox conditions. The results showed that the cumulated highest concentrations of NH-N and NO-N were 2168.6 mg L and 21.7 mg L in the control, respectively. Compared with the control, the predicted reduction rates of NH-N release from the PMCBF and PAMBF were 26.2% and 15.4%, respectively. In the control, the cumulated highest concentrations of PO-P and K in leachate were 681.04 mg L and 120.5 mg L, respectively. The predicted reduction rates of PO-P and K were 55.1% and 15.5%, respectively, under the PAMBF compared to the control. The modified Hyperbola model with cumulated NH-N, PO-P, and K-releases under the treatments was a good fit (p < 0.0001). For greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the lowest cumulative NO was 59.59 mg m in the soil incorporated with PMCBF, and its reduction rate was 23.5% compared with the control. The findings of this study will contribute to more profound insights into the potential application of PAMBF and PMCBF as bio-fertilizers adapted to mitigate NH-N, PO-P, and K releases and NO emissions, offering scientific evidence for organic farming strategies.