Recent advancements in the physiological, genetic, and genomic research on s for trait improvement.

Unlabelled: High species diversity, hybridization potential, broad geographical dispersal range and ornamental characteristics (i.e., attractive size, shape, structure, flowers, and evergreen) have fetched a good international market for . However, most species are restricted to specific geographic areas due to their habitat specificity in acidic soil and cold climates, resulting many species being classified under threat categories of the IUCN. In this review, advances in research on for improvement to floral display quality and stress resistance have been described. The low genetic barrier among species has created opportunities for extensive hybridization and ploidy alteration for introducing quality and adaptive traits during the development of new varieties. Recent technological advances have supported investigations into the mechanism of flower development, as well as cold tolerance and pathogen resistance mechanisms in the . However, most of the species have limited adaptability to drought, line-tolerance, pathogen resistance, and high-temperature conditions and this resistance ability present in few species largely remains unexplored. Additionally, the available genetic diversity and genomic information on species, and possibilities for their application in molecular breeding have been summarized. Overall, genomic resource data are scarce in the majority of the members of this genus. Finally, various research gaps such as genetic mapping of quality traits, understanding the molecular mechanism of quality-related traits and genomic assortment in members have been discussed in the future perspective section.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04006-6.